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Key words:

space-time area, area of operations of troops (forces), maps of the probability of use, data visualization, the probability of using spacecraft, cartosts, orbital means of reconnaissance of the enemy

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The article is devoted to the development of approaches to visualizing the probabilities of using Earth remote sensing spacecraft over space-time areas in the interests of information support for the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The relevance of creating geographic information maps of the probabilities of using orbital means in the areas of operations of troops (forces), taking into account random factors (reliability, weather conditions, enemy opposition), is justified. Disclosed is a mathematical apparatus which includes spatial and time coverage coefficients, as well as formulas for calculating probabilities of successful use of single orbital vehicles and their groupings when solving reconnaissance, navigation, communication and meteorological support tasks.

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Key words:

combat system, information resources, degree of informatization, troop control, information management system, destruction potential, situational awareness, digital twin

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The main feature of modern combat systems is the increasing degree of informatization of management. The article proposes an approach to assessing the capabilities of modern combat systems based on their classification, the degree of informatization, and the expansion of the considered information-technical and information-combat characteristics; the quality of information resource provision is examined. The quality of combat system management is a dynamic characteristic and depends on many variables, including the level of technological development, personnel training, and environmental conditions. Therefore, assessing the quality of management involves a comprehensive consideration of quantitative and qualitative indicators that reflect the system’s ability to ensure effective task performance under given conditions.

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Moon, asteroid, asteroid detection means, viewing zone, detection zone, asteroid detection boundary

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The article is devoted to the current problem of asteroid danger. Conceptual approaches to the placement of stationary means of detecting asteroids on the lunar surface are considered. Based on the given characteristics of telescopes, options for constructing a detection boundary — a space-time region where it is possible to identify dangerous objects — are analyzed. Schemes with uniform and uneven distribution of funds, as well as cases of intersecting, touching and discontinuous visibility zones are investigated. The types of detection zones, including single and multiple scan areas, for which the applicability of the space triangulation method has been evaluated, have been identified. Methods are proposed for orientation of axes of sight, for each there are defined implemented versions of arrangement taking into account features of lunar relief.

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self-organizing radio network, routing protocol, control exchange, electronic warfare, pulsed jamming, transmission jitter, neighbor-break threshold

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The paper addresses improving the robustness of a self-organizing tactical radio network under intentional jamming of routing-protocol control traffic. A method is proposed for selecting the transmission jitter and the neighbor-break threshold by the minimum route break-probability criterion for continuous and pulsed jamming. The calculation is based on a Markov model of neighbor-relation failure under consecutive control-message losses. It is shown that increasing the jitter reduces the probability of synchronous suppression of control exchange, while raising the threshold decreases the probability of a false route break. The method is implementable at the protocol layer of fielded radios.

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maintenance, reliability, efficiency, destabilizing factors, diagnostic signs, automated systems, computing tools, hardware and software systems, technical condition monitoring

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This article provides an in-depth analysis of the impact of destabilizing factors on the technical condition of current and future automated systems for the preparation and launch of space rockets. The aim of the study is to develop a set of diagnostic indicators that enable effective monitoring of the operation of specialized computing systems under extreme operating conditions. The main advantage of this approach is the creation of a diagnostic image of destabilizing factors affecting the reliability of computing equipment by conducting an experiment under real operating conditions simulating their deterioration.

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multifunctional spacecraft, Direct to Cell channel, prospective services of satellite communication systems, satellite systems on low Earth orbits, high-speed satellite channels, inter-satellite laser communication, Earth remote sensing

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The paper provides a brief overview of the main trends in the development of mul tifunctional spacecraft designed to operate as part of orbital groups in low circular or bits. The parameters of evaluating the onboard equipment of a multifunctional spacecraft for solving Earth remote sensing tasks and information exchange tasks, including the direct spacecraft — subscriber channel using Direct to Cell (DTC) technology, have been determined. The results of modeling the functioning of multifunctional spacecraft in low circular orbits have been presented. Conclusions have been formulated about the possibilities of organizing a direct spacecraft — subscriber channel.

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information and telemetry support system, orbital grouping of spacecraft, distributed information processing, primary processing of telemetric information, variability of algorithms, linear programming

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A methodology has been developed for forming technologies for distributed telemetry processing to support the information and telemetry needs of an orbital constellation. It includes three stages: ranking the data streams from the spacecraft, analyzing the state of the computing nodes, and creating a data processing planning model using variable algorithms. The transition to adaptive distribution of data streams across the network of acquisition and processing complexes is justified. The choice of algorithms depends on the priority of the spacecraft, available resources, and operational constraints of the nodes. The objective function has been modified: the reliability of the algorithm acts as a dimensionless weighting coefficient of quality, ensuring the correct dimensionality of the information content indicator.

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special-purpose optical transport network, spectral resources, four-wave mixing, destructive impact, optical interference

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The paper considers the problem of assessing destructive impacts on special-purpose optical transport networks when fiber-optic infrastructure is shared by multiple users. A mathematical model of destructive impact based on four-wave mixing is developed, taking into account the spectral and power parameters of the interfering signals, the characteristics of the fiber-optic transmission path, and the frequency position, spectral width, and power of the generated FWM products. The proposed damage indicators include the total FWM interference power, the number of blocked optical channels, and their aggregate data rate. Numerical simulation confirms that interference can be generated within the legitimate user’s spectral band even when the interfering signals are located outside that band.

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countermeasure system, protection of facilities, operational effectiveness, statistical analysis, small sample, data normalization, distribution identification, correlation regression analysis, expert evaluation

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Methods are proposed that improve the quality of assessing the performance indicators of countermeasure systems designed to protect critical infrastructure from advanced enemy weapon threats. The methodological framework is tailored to conditions involving a limited number of full-scale experiments and small initial data samples, typical of the R&D and field testing stages. The following are developed: a method for identifying distribution laws of performance indicators based on small samples; a normalization procedure for empirical distributions using probability integral transformation; algorithms for comparing means and variances for paired and unpaired samples; a correlation and regression toolkit for quantitative assessment of controlled factor influence; and a method for integrating experimental and expert estimates using inverse-variance weighting.

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integrated security, qualimetry, veto, Harrington scale

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The article presents a qualimetric approach to assessing integrated security of facilities. The approach includes classification of requirements based on two criteria: by criticality level and by responsibility level (operational and capital requirements), a veto mechanism for critical violations, as well as three types of inspections: sudden, scheduled, and specialized. Checklists are used for data collection, and the Harrington verbal-numerical scale is used for result interpretation. The method is illustrated by the example of fire safety, its universality for various security domains is demonstrated, limitations are identified, and development prospects are outlined.

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Key words:

non-barreled pistol, traumatic cartridge with a rubber bullet, User Manual, target, closed shooting range, bullet catcher, witness screen, ricochet, target installation

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The article examines the design features of the PB-4SP pistol and the 18,5×60T traumatic cartridge. An analysis was carried out of the conditions under which bullet ricochet occurs when shooting with traumatic cartridges in indoor shooting ranges at various targets. Research and firing tests were conducted to determine the ricochet (bounce) of bullets from traumatic cartridges. The conditions for conducting safe shooting were identified, and a scheme for an indoor shooting range with a developed target system was proposed. Recommendations are given to the pistol manufacturer regarding the necessary additions to the Operating Manual.

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«Acacia» anti-fragmentation curtain, shock wave, excess pressure of the shock wave front, glass fragments, ammunition fragments

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Guidelines are proposed for experimentally assessing the resistance of anti-fragment cur tains to glass fragments generated by the impact of ammunition fragments and the air shock wave of an explosion, illustrated by testing the «Acacia» anti-fragment curtain. The resistance of anti-fragment curtains to glass fragments generated by the impact of ammuni tion fragments was assessed by firing hunting cartridges containing № 3 and № 5 shot from a 12-gauge hunting rifle. The resistance of anti-fragment curtains to the air shock wave of an explosion was assessed under field conditions by detonating a 12 kg TNT charge. Pos itive results in terms of resistance to glass fragments were obtained during testing of the «Acacia» anti-fragment curtain.

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automatic anti-personnel grenade launcher, efficiency, weather and climatic factors, particular indicators

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In this article, based on the conducted research, an assessment of the effectiveness of frag mentation munitions for automatic anti-personnel grenade launchers is considered, taking into account the influence of weather and climatic factors (atmospheric pressure, longitu dinal wind, snow barrier), using the developed assessment methodology. The methodolo gy makes it possible to compare heterogeneous specific indicators of the effectiveness of fragmentation munitions and to calculate a generalized effectiveness indicator. The select ed specific indicators include the time required to calculate the sight settings for automatic anti-personnel grenade launchers, the accuracy of firing with fragmentation munitions, the number of munitions required to engage a typical target, the time to engage a typical target, as well as the radius of fragmentation damage to personnel upon detonation of a fragmen tation grenade.

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functional coating, composition, pneumatic spraying, thickness variation, automated spraying, process parameters

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The reliability and survivability of operated special-purpose equipment is due to the quality of functional coatings. The durability of a functional coating is significantly affected by its different thickness. With automated pneumatic spraying, it is important to ensure minimal thickness variation of the functional coating. Method of determination of process parameters of automated pneumatic spraying of functional coating with minimum thickness difference is proposed. Influence of sputtering process parameters on thickness and homogeneity of functional coating is shown. An example of the influence of the spraying distance on the supply and the speed of movement of the sprayer with automated pneumatic spraying of the functional coating with minimal thickness variation is presented.

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spacecraft, environmental factors, ultra-low orbit, atomic oxygen, active life time, protective film

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The article examines several technical solutions that can be applied in the design of su per-low orbit spacecraft. The design features of various spacecraft systems, such as the power supply system, thermal control system, and others, are discussed. The implementa tion of these subsystems is necessary to protect the spacecraft elements from the adverse effects of the space environment. Special attention is given to the impact of atomic oxygen on materials and structural elements, as well as to possible design solutions that mitigate this effect. Data characterizing the degree of reduction in thickness of certain protective polymer films during long-term exposure to space environment are presented.

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shaped charge jet, numerical simulation, concrete target, fracture, concrete model, RHT model, Drucker — Prager model, Johnson — Holmquist model, Johnson — Holmquist — Cook model

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This article presents a review of five concrete strength models used for numerical simulation of high-velocity shaped charge jet penetration: RHT, JH-2, JHB-2, HJC, and Drucker — Prager. The basic mathematical relationships, failure surfaces, and methods for accounting for damage, strain rate, pressure, and porosity are considered for each model. A comparison of the models is provided based on criteria such as the minimum number of parameters, the ability to simulate blast loads, the influence of pressure on strength, strain rate dependence, damage accumulation, and porosity. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that the RHT model is the most preferable for simulating shaped charge jet penetration into a concrete target; however, it has several drawbacks. Directions for further improvement of the RHT model are outlined.

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anti-fragmentation blanket, shrapnel, hand grenade, anti-personnel mine

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This article presents a review and analysis of the characteristics of domestic and foreign anti fragmentation blankets. It is shown that the overwhelming majority of anti-fragmentation blankets are capable of capturing fragments traveling no more than 650 m/s and are not designed to localize the fragmentation flow in the immediate vicinity of the detonation site, where fragments travel at approximately 1,500 m/s. Experimental studies have shown that the «Uyut» anti-fragmentation blanket, developed and manufactured by JSC NPO Spetsmaterialov, is highly effective in localizing the fragmentation flow generated by the detonation of RGO, RGN, and F-1 hand-held fragmentation grenades, as well as POMZ-2M, OZM-72, and PMN-2 antipersonnel mines.

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experiment, corrosion inhibitor, dependence, density, humidity, temperature, reinforced concrete structures

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The results of studies on the penetration depth of a migrating corrosion inhibitor during the preservation of reinforced concrete structures of unfinished capital construction projects of military infrastructure are presented. The test methodology and the obtained results are described. A semi-empirical equation is presented that describes the dependence of the penetration depth on the density, humidity, and temperature of the structures, taking into account the aging of the concrete. The model was tested using the Student’s t-test and Fisher’s test. The use of the dependency to predict the depth of the protective effect of the inhibitor during the conservation of reinforced concrete structures at unfinished capital construction projects, when optimizing the inhibitor consumption to select the method of treating the structures and determine the timing of repeated treatment, is justified.

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Key words:

patent search, inventions, utility models, UAVs, drones, underwater unmanned vehicles, sea drones

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The article discusses the problems associated with conducting patent searches in the field of unmanned aerial vehicles, surface and underwater vehicles. Key attention is paid to the comparative analysis of international classification systems designed to systematize patent documentation in the field of technology. Differences in the detail of the headings of the International Patent Classification and the Joint Patent Classification on the subject of unmanned systems were revealed. The statistics of filing applications for legal protection of inventions and utility models are given. Recommendations are formulated for compiling search queries in accordance with the task being solved. The practical application of the proposed approaches contributes to a significant reduction in labor costs for searching, as well as to improving the quality and reliability of patent and analytical results.

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